Introduction
Principles of Medical Ultrasound
Ultrasound Modes
Bioeffects of Ultrasound (Thermal and Mechanical Effects)
Ultrasound Artifacts
Official Statements from Professional Societies
Basic Characteristics of Ultrasound Equipment
Ultrasound transducers: principles of sound generation, compare transducer characteristics and applications.
Ultrasound Instrument Organization
Aspects of the ultrasound examination
Ergonomic practices that minimize repetitive stress injuries (positioning of operator and equipment).
Steps for the performance of first-trimester transvaginal ultrasound examination
Transvaginal Ultrasound Scanning Technique
Correct transducer manipulation and image orientation.
Ultrasound image labeling and storage.
Appropriate communication of ultrasound findings to other health professionals.
Protocol for transducer cleaning and disinfection.
Ultrasound in the first trimester
Indications: First Trimester Ultrasound
The First Trimester Ultrasound Scan
Ultrasound Evaluation of Ampullary Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy (EP)
Subchorionic hematoma
Sonographic Features of Molar Pregnancy
Association Between Thickened Nuchal Translucency (NT) and Fetal Chromosomal Anomalies
Normal First Trimester Images
First Trimester Images
Components of Basic Second and Third Trimester Ultrasound Examinations
Components of Fetal Biometry and Sonographic Dating in Second and Third Trimesters
Fetal Growth
Predisposing Factors for Fetal Macrosomia in Third Trimester
Predisposing Factors for Fetal Growth Restriction in Third Trimester
Imaging The Placenta
Imaging parameters for placental localization
Risks and indications for genetic amniocentesis
Twin Gestation
Placenta Previa and Low-lying Placenta
Methods for diagnosing oligohydramnios
Methods for diagnosing polyhydramnios
Indications for pelvic sonography
Sonographic features of the normal uterus with the menstrual cycle
Sonographic features of the normal ovary about the menstrual cycle
Characteristics of a simple cyst